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Core Curriculum

Geography Lessons

Elementary


 
Learning Geography
• Geography Basics...Geography is much more than the study of maps. It involves exploring the earth and how it relates to the things that live on it. When looking into a place's geography, it is important to look at more than just where it is. The people who live there, the shape of its land, and the type of weather it gets are all important. Also how people have changed that place is important to understanding a place. The study of geography looks at all these things. In doing so, it provides a complete picture of any spot on the planet.
• Learning Map Functions...The purpose of a map is to show information, and different types of maps are used to demonstrate various information. Topographic maps show the height of the land above sea level. Road maps show the major streets and highways. Shaded relief maps show the shape of the land. If you want to know the average age of people living in a city or the likelihood of getting hit by a tornado, a thematic map can show you. Today, satellite maps give exact pictures of both land and weather. Much has changed since the first clay tablet maps were carved thousands of years ago. One thing that has not changed is the usefulness of maps in showing important information about a place.
Viewing The Earth
• Where in the World...Imagine you could show today's map of the world to someone who lived thousands of years ago. Since the people of ancient times probably knew only their own region, the person might hardly believe your map. The oceans are enormous and mountain ranges stretch for thousands of miles. The continents include vast areas of land, with hundreds of countries and billions of people living on them. Today, we know what lies in nearly every corner of the planet's surface. The seven continents and five oceans are true wonders. Each has its own unique characteristics and each covers a unique part of the globe. People today have the privilege of knowing about the amazing land and water that covers their planet.
• The Natural World...Great mountain ranges and rivers form some of earth's most amazing natural wonders. The breathtaking peaks of the Himalayas, Rockies, and Andes reflect violent collisions of the earth's crust. They show that the earth is in motion, creating beautiful mountains out of the drifting continents. Most of the world's great rivers have headwaters or tributaries that begin in these mountains. The Amazon starts in the Andes. The Missouri, a tributary of the Mississippi, begins in the Rockies. The highlands of eastern Africa form the streams that become the Nile. Together, mountains and rivers shape the earth and support the people, plants, and animals that live on it.
• The Human World...The way humans live is directly shaped by geography. The shape of land in an area, the animals that live there, the plants that grow there – they all affect people. For example, people who live in warmer climates design clothing that keeps them cool. People who live in colder climates do the opposite. People who live close to the sea become experts at fishing and boatbuilding. People who live near forests make their living from what lives and grows among the trees. Simply put, where a person lives will have a great impact on how they live and who they are. That is the essence of human geography.
North America
• Using Map Skills to Explore North America...Learning about the geography of North America teaches about different aspects of each of its regions. It is important to know how to read maps to find locations of where we want to go in the world. There are different types of maps used to find different types of information for different purposes. There are physical maps, outline maps, landform maps and political maps. It is important to know how to read directions, use legends and scales, and understand the concept of longitude and latitude. They are all skills related to map reading and use. It is equally important to be able to render or draw a map accurately to show someone directions on how to reach a destination or find important information about a particular location. Maps give important information about a location that we can use before we actually go there. Without maps it would be hard to get from one place to the other in an organized way.
• North America...Learning about the continent of North America introduces us to the rich history and culture of the region. In Canada and the United States, diverse ethnic groups settled into the various regions long before the western world discovered the continent, and Mexico has one of the largest groups of indigenous people in the world. These groups established the boundaries of the different countries of North America. By studying maps and history, we explore the diverse geographic regions that shape the landscape of North America. The past and present combine to shape the continent into what it is today. The third largest continent in the world, North America’s wide variety of culture and landscape are still present in the societies of this continent today.
• The United States...The United States is located on the continent of North America. Consisting of fifty states, the country is the world’s third largest country. The nation originated from thirteen colonies seeking freedom from control by Great Britain on July 4, 1776. It expanded the territory through the nineteenth century, acquiring land from France and Mexico. Its boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the North Pacific Ocean on the west, and Mexico on the south. Alaska is the largest state. It has the Arctic Ocean to its north and the Bering Straits to the west. The United States has varied climate and land. Vegetation and grasslands are common in the eastern part of the country, while prairies, forests, and the Rocky Mountains dominate the west and some deserts in the southeast. The northeast has hills, valleys, rivers, and varied seasons. The major regions of the United States are New England, the Midwest, the Mid-Atlantic, the Southwest, the South, and the West.
• Canada...Although Canada is a huge country, many choose to live in the cities, with the native people, including the Inuit group, living mainly in the north. These native people had to adapt to the cold climate, using dogs for transportation and relying on fatty animals such as seals for food and clothing. The climate affects Canadians in many ways. Ice hockey plays a huge part in most Canadians’ lives, with many children wishing to to play professionally and adults gathering to watch the games. Other sports Canadians enjoy include skiing. Many Americans and millions of people from around the world, make the trip to Canada to ski at Whistler.
Central and South America
• Overview: Central and South America...South America is one of the seven continents in the world. Central America, a narrow strip of land, connects it to another continent, North America. Together, parts of South America and Central America make up what many call Latin America. Over the past hundreds of years, the geography of South America and Central America has changed quite a bit. The continent of South America includes thirteen countries, the largest one being Brazil. Depending on where you are in South America, the land ranges all the way from desert land to rainforests. The Amazon Rainforest is one of the most popular rainforests and it covers area in eight different countries. Central America is much smaller than South America, but is still home to seven countries. In the very middle of Central America, erupting volcanoes and earthquakes can sometimes occur. In 2001, two earthquakes completely destroyed the country of El Salvador. Three bodies of water surround Central America, including the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico.
• Mexico...The fifth largest country of the Americas and the fourteenth largest in the world, Mexico is located just south of the United States. Three bodies of water surround the country, including the North Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. While much of Mexico lies in southern North America, some parts of the country reach into the Central American region, including the Yucatan Peninsula. Four major mountain ranges cover a significant portion of Mexico, which means much of the land is at high elevations. The Tropic of Cancer also passes through the country, differentiating the climate throughout Mexico. Mexico has broad diversity in terms of both the land and its people. While the native population of Mexico is declining, many inhabitants have emigrated from foreign areas such as Argentina, Guatemala, and Peru.
• Central America...Central America is the middle segment of the Americas. It connects to both the southern part of North America and the northern section of South America. Central America consiss of seven countries and is considered part of North America. Three major bodies of water surround the borders. This includes the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. Mountains, volcanoes, and rain forests are just a few of the landforms prevalent in this region. In addition to its brilliant geography, Central America also has a distinctive culture and history. The Mayan Civilization found its home in Central America thousands of years ago, primarily in the northern section. This includes Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala. While several areas are impoverished, quite a few natural resources and export products provide job opportunities and a source of income for the people of Central America.
• South America...South America is known for having major natural resources. Gold, silver, copper, and ore are a few of the resources found there. From the mid 1400s into the 1500s, the Inca civilization living there used these resources to make beautiful artifacts. The artistic pieces showed symbols of their people. Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. However, some countries have selected other official languages. For instance, the official language of Brazil is Portuguese, and Guyana has chosen English. The majority of South American people follow Roman Catholicism. A small percentage follow other religions such as Islam, Judaism, and Protestantism.
Russia and Northern Eurasia
• Overview: Russia and Northern Eurasia...Russia is the largest country in the world. From the end of World War II until the early 1990s, Russia was ruled by the communists as the Soviet Union. The landscape ranges from mountains to tundra, and its citizens experience different types of weather. Russia is surrounded by an area known as Eurasia. Eurasia is made up of countries such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Each country separated from the Soviet Union by 1991. Since this time, each country has been trying to find its strengths and work around its weaknesses.
• Russia...Russia is the largest country in the world. It is in two continents—Europe and Asia. The mountain range called the Ural Mountains divides the western half of Russia. The land in the east is a large plateau followed by mountains. Since the land is vastly different, so is the weather. Russia has very cold temperatures in the northeast, and hot temperatures in the south. Russia has many natural resources. Not all of the resources are used, because many of them are difficult to access. Moscow, Russia's capital is one of the main cities. Most people live near the big cities. The Russian government has seen many changes over the past few centuries and is still struggling to be a strong country. Despite these changes, Russia has a rich way of life and history in addition to colorful customs, and traditions.
Europe
• Overview of Europe...Europe is a small continent with different kinds of people and physical features. Just as the people are diverse, so are the physical features. From plains to mountains and rivers to seas, the environment is beautiful. The many people living in Europe differ in their languages, religion, customs, and appearances. Of all the experiences in Europe, it is interesting to learn how the people live together in this land that has so many varying physical features. It is also interesting to contemplate how the physical geography of Europe affects the daily lives of the people.
• Britain and Ireland...In Western Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea sit two islands steeped in history and rich in culture. These nations are Ireland and England. England is composed of Wales and Scotland. Together, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland form the United Kingdom, or Great Britain. While the British Parliament governs all of the United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland also have their own local governments. Northern Ireland remains the most tumultuous part of the United Kingdom due to a longstanding conflict between Catholics and Protestants over governmental loyalties. Beginning in the twelfth century, the English advanced into Ireland. These invasions began seven centuries of conflict between the Irish and the English. An Act of Union in 1800 united Ireland and England, along with Scotland and Wales. They remained united until 1921, when twenty-six counties in Ireland gained their independence. Today, the six northern counties remain part of the United Kingdom. Irish and British officials continue to work towards a united Ireland, but there is no indication that unification will occur any time soon. As you learn about these two countries with strong ties to each other consider this:
• France...France is an impressive country and has many beautiful and famous places to visit. Although it is in another continent and things may sound or taste different, it is not very unlike America. France has a rich history, a wide variety of cultural experiences, and varied types of places to visit.
• Italy...Italy has almost sixty million inhabitants who live in diverse areas across the peninsula. Some people live in a large metropolis like Rome, Milan, or Naples, while others live in Venice, where there are canals instead of streets. Still others live on islands or along the coastal plains next to several seas. Many more live among the mountain ranges that cover Italy. This mostly Catholic nation offers more than just great food. Beautiful mountains, active volcanoes, and magnificent historical sites make it one of the most sought after tourist destinations in the world. Additionally, its ties to the Old World artisan traditions and the Slow Food Movement help to keep its past alive.
Africa
• Overview: Africa...Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It has over fifty countries, all with different physical features, people, and cultures. The people have different customs, religions, and languages. African people come from different parts of the world. Some Africans are native Africans. They and their ancestors have always lived in Africa. Other Africans come from Arab and European families that came to Africa. Some parts of the cultures of Africa also came from Arab traders and European colonists and others have been part of African life all the way back to very early times. Because Africa is located near the equator, many regions of it are hot. But there is more than one type of hot climate! One of the most interesting features of Africa's physical geography is that the climate mirrors itself on each side of the equator. That means that as you travel north from the equator, you would see the same climates that you would if you traveled south from the equator. As you journey through Africa in this lesson, consider the differences you would find in each part of the continent.
• Egypt...Discoveries in Egypt have fascinated people for centuries. As one of the oldest civilizations in the world, Egypt made advancements in writing, architecture, the arts, and science. The civilization arose near the Nile River. This provided rich, fertile land for farming. It flooded every year. Religion played a major role in the lives of the people. Pharaohs were treated as gods. They received special treatment at death. The mummification process was a slow one, with great thought given to the tomb, and over which objects to bury with the dead. The Book of the Dead provided written instructions for the dead person to travel to the afterlife. The most famous of these mummified pharaohs, King Tut, died as a boy king. Within the last few years, archeologists have opened his tomb, and studied him through x-rays and CT scans.
• Nigeria...Situated in West Africa, Nigeria has the largest population in Africa. The city of Abuja has been the country’s capital since the early 1990s. It is located in the center of Nigeria and has five districts. In addition to the capital territory, the country also includes thirty-six states. The Gulf of Guinea lies to the south of Nigeria and is the country’s only coastline. One of the most profitable areas of Nigeria is the Niger Delta. The oil industry in this region provides Nigeria with a significant export income. Living conditions in Nigeria are underprivileged. As a result, many diseases such as malaria and polio spread rapidly and appropriate medical help is not always available. It is estimated that only half of the population has access to clean drinking water.
• South Africa...South Africa is a country located on the southernmost part of the continent Africa. It has mountains, rivers, and plains. It contains most of the diamond and gold mines. It was a colony of England and the Netherlands, so English and Dutch people live there as well as native Africans. In addition, many people who now live there came from India to work in the mines. The various people, combined with a somewhat troubled history, helped to form the country's present culture.
Southwest Asia: The Middle East
• Overview: Southwest Asia and the Middle East...South West Asia sits between Europe and Africa, in the southwestern part of Asia. You may also hear this area called the Middle East. There is a lot of fighting in South West Asia today. Many of the wars in the news are taking place there. Despite the fighting that is found there today, it is also a land of interesting cultures, with many different climates and landforms. South West Asia has a very long history. In fact, many ancient societies began in this place. It is known as the cradle of civilization because so many ancient civilizations began there. These ancient civilizations invented many systems that we still use today: writing and laws are two examples.
• Israel...The Middle East is an area that is mostly desert but surrounded by many bodies of water. Much of the terrain of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan is mountainous. Two important physical features are in the Middle East: the Nile River, which is the longest in the world, and the Dead Sea, which is the lowest point on earth. Most of Israel is like the Middle East with desert covering over 60%. Most of the people live near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. While Islam is the primary religion in the Middle East, most Israelis are Jewish. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, is home to religious places that are important to Muslims, Christians, and the Jews.
• Saudi Arabia...Saudi Arabia is a country in South West Asia. It is very old. It is also one of the United State’s biggest allies in South West Asia. It has some of the biggest oil fields in the world. Not only does Saudi Arabia have an important history in politics, religion, and culture, but also its oil-based economy makes it of great political importance in the modern-day world. For these reasons, it is important to learn about Saudi Arabia.
• Iran...Iran is a very old country. It was home to many different civilizations. It also has many different ethnic groups and landforms. It is part of Southwest Asia, but Arabic is not a major language. Farsi is the main language. Shi’a Islam is the major religion, while most of Southwest Asia has a Sunni Muslim population.
East and Southeast Asia
• Overview: East and Southeast Asia...East and Southeast Asia is a mixture of landscapes, from deserts to mountains to rivers and seas. The climate of Southeast Asia is mainly tropical—hot and humid all year round. There is a lot of rainfall. That helps the farmers who grow rice, the main food crop in this region. East Asia has very cold temperatures in the desert and mountain regions and a warm tropical climate along the coast. The largest country, China, is located in this region. The third longest river in the world, the Yangtze, is located in China. Another major landform is the Gobi Desert, which is one of the largest deserts in the world. The people who live there herd animals and live in gers, portable felt and wooden tents. Although Japan has four main islands where people live, it is really made up of over 4,000 islands. Southeast Asia has monsoons, which are periods of very heavy rainfall, and tsunamis, which are very large tidal waves caused by underground earthquakes. The climate and landscape make it difficult to live in some areas of this region. Most people in China, for example, live near Shanghai, which is near water and good land for farming. People in Japan live on the coastline because the center of the country is very mountainous.
• China, Taiwan, and Mongolia...China, Mongolia and Taiwan are countries with rich histories, diverse cultures, and dramatic environments. In China, you find the world’s oldest culture, the world’s highest mountain, and one of the world’s largest deserts. The physical extremes of its geography isolated China from the rest of the world for centuries. Mongolia was once one of the largest empires in the world under the leadership of the Khans. Its challenging environment makes it now the least populated country in the world. Taiwan balances its mountainous central region with a rich coast circling the entire island.
• Japan and Korea...Japan is a country located in East Asia comprised of over 3000 islands. The largest and most populated islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Most of the islands are mountainous and many are volcanic, including Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji. The capital city of Tokyo is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. The peninsula of Korea, also situated in East Asia, has had a dramatic history. After World War II, it was divided into two countries: North Korea, officially called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and South Korea, officially called the Republic of Korea. While these two Koreas share a similar geographic landscape and culture, their political differences have divided them since 1945.
South Asia
• Overview: South Asia...South Asia is home to the tallest mountain in the world, rich and fertile farming land, and deserts. South Asia consists of the following countries and territories: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The Indus River, one of the most important rivers in South Asia, flows from the Himalayas through the Punjab region of India and the Sind province of Pakistan. The Ganges—important for worship, bathing, recreation, and cleaning—flows from the Himalaya Mountains to the Bay of Bengal. Sri Lanka is home to the world’s finest tea and most beautiful jungles. Cows freely roam the streets because they are considered sacred. Travel throughout this region might be by rickshaw, a two-wheeled cart, or by train. In fact, over two million people ride the train in India each and every day. Religion is a way of life in this region, with Hindu as one of the major religions practiced. Agriculture is one of the major industries; tea and rice are the major crops.
• India...From its northern borders with Pakistan and China to the colorful cities and beautiful coastlines, India is a joyful, colorful country filled with life. Underneath all of this, however, the country still struggles with a lot of poverty, war, and discrimination. The same religion that gives the festive colors and national celebration is also responsible for horrible neglect of and prejudice towards the poor. The terrorism in the Middle East, (e.g. Pakistan and Afghanistan) affect this neighboring country. While rural India preserves much of its culture and tradition, it also suffers from poverty and poor education. The new technology boom, tourism, and the effort to become a global presence may threaten some of these traditions, though. Home for many unique kinds of animals, some of these species are in danger of becoming extinct. Overall, though, India’s unique and vibrant culture is becoming increasingly more recognized and appreciated throughout the world.
The Pacific and Antarctica
• Overview: The Pacific and Antarctica...Antarctica is located at the southern most part of the world, and is the coldest continent averaging temperatures of -70 degrees Fahrenheit. Although completely ice covered, it is still home to many different types of penguins, seals, birds, and whales. The Pacific Ocean is a large body of water containing many islands and countries and has very unique cultures. Immigration helped to shape some of these regions as well.
• Australia...Australia is unique in many ways. Not only is Australia the only country that is both a country and a continent, it is also the oldest continent in the world. Water on all sides has separated and isolated Australia from other places. Scientists study Australian wildlife and plants because many of them live only in Australia. When thinking of Australian animals, marsupials such as the koala and kangaroo may come to mind, however, Australia is also home to other extraordinary creatures such as the dingo, many species of fish and sea creatures, birds, and reptiles. Scuba diving in the Great Barrier Reef, you can see unbelievable colors and shapes. Tourists enjoy experiencing sites and moments that can be found nowhere else in the world. Traveling in Australia, you move through many different climate zones, including temperate and tropical zones, with each climate bringing a different landscape. The cities may have the high energy of New York, and yet, the Outback has a much slower pace. Tourists also enjoy the laidback and friendly attitude of Australians. Stepping off the plane, you will surely be met with the greeting, “G’day, mate.” Even though Americans and Australians both speak English, Americans may feel like they need a dictionary to understand Australian every day words.
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Secondary


 
The Earth at a Glance
• Maps Galore!...Long ago, people navigated the waters close to their home using continental shelves and the sun and stars to guide them. John Harrison’s chronometer proved a major advance in sea navigation. Travel on open oceans became predictable and maps of a greater territory were drawn. Today, GIS and GPS once again are revolutionizing how people use maps. No longer are maps paper representations of a single reality. Instead, layers of data on digital maps or satellite imagery allow people to receive and analyze a vast array of information. What will be the next steps in mapping? The world—and worldwide information—is at our fingertips.
• The World Before Time...The Earth has a long and intricate history. Fossils and the geologic record give us a glimpse into the steps through which Earth went through in its development from mere gas and dust to the complex, multi-system entity that it is today. As you explore the Earth before time in this lesson, you will learn not only about its history but also about the spheres that comprise the Earth and their interactions.
• Where in the World?...Geography is the study of the Earth and its inhabitants. The most basic divisions of the Earth are continents and oceans. These building blocks of geography provide the background necessary to study Earth's more intricate and subjective divisions, such as regions and countries. Yet even continents are not universally agreed upon: some experts recognize only four continents, while others acknowledge five or six! Furthermore, each country in the world recognizes a different number of countries. As our understanding of the Earth increases, our view of our planet changes. This lesson will give you an introduction to the Earth as we know it today.
• The Natural World...The natural world is comprised of physical geographic features. Landforms, water forms, climate, and biomes are all components of the natural world. It is important to understand the natural world in which we live because human beings must rely on and interact with their surroundings to ensure survival. Where we build a house, when and where we go on vacation, and how we make a living all depend in part on our physical environment. Human beings can either adapt to their surroundings or modify their environment to suit their needs. The success with which we do either of these things depends upon our understanding of our natural world
• The Human World...Communities around the world share certain characteristics. Language, religion, and cultural traditions are part of every different social group. Understanding what makes human beings similar is an important part of being a global citizen. While all cultures share similar features, these common elements can differ greatly in their manifestation. Every social group in the world has a language, but the languages of the world differ greatly from each other. Religion and ethnicity are also common elements of world cultures whose characteristics vary significantly.
Africa
• Overview: Africa...The vast continent of Africa is an important region. In many ways, it is the center of the world. A long time ago, it was the center of Pangaea and has moved very little since the super-continent broke apart. Geographically, Africa is located between Europe, South America, Asia, and Australia. It is the cradle of civilization, and a land of many ancient empires. Economically, however, many countries in Africa lag far behind the rest of the world. Africa's physical features, colonial legacy, overuse of natural resources, and fractured political scene all contribute to its current economic status.
• North Africa...North Africa is a land of many extremes. It contains the rough Atlas Mountains, the fertile Nile River Valley, and the expansive Sahara Desert. Culturally, groups such as the Bedouin, the Tuaregs, the Berbers, and the Copts call North Africa home. In the physical and cultural environment, there are numerous examples of the past surviving the present: in the ancient Atlas, or the growing Sahara, or the nomadic tribes coexisting with modern Africans.
• West Africa...West Africa is a region of fifteen small countries. Despite their cultural differences, many of these countries share common economic and political features such as underdeveloped resources, widespread poverty, and political instability. Although it faces many hardships, the natural resources of this region give it the potential to become one of the wealthiest regions of Africa.
• East Africa...The region of East Africa experienced numerous conflicts in recent history. Besides politics, physical and climatic features contributed to creating various conflicts in the region. For example, much of the Horn of Africa suffered a severe drought for over fifteen years. With so many people in danger of starving, conflict has become a fact of life for many areas of East Africa. Political conflicts ravaged the region, making stability difficult to achieve.
• Central Africa...History has conspired to create a difficult environment for many Central African states. Porous borders, rebel groups, ethnic conflicts, and a lack of leadership are factors that can be traced back to colonial rule in the region. Borders were created without regard to ethnic allegiances, instead focusing on resources and their exploitation. Since ethnicity was not taken into account in creating these borders, many groups who historically did not get along were forced to coexist in a single country. Some ethnic groups were split into more than one country, creating rebellions where people wanted to reunify. Without a background in democratic governance, the African leaders of these newly independent states often fell back on corruption and totalitarian governments. Today these countries continue to struggle with issue such as these, making peace and stability an elusive goal in Central Africa.
• Southern Africa...Southern Africa is a large region comprised of desert, plains, and low mountains. Its people include Africans, Indians, and Europeans. Its history, like most of Africa consists of colonization and exploitation at the hands of European imperialists interested only in the resources available, rather than the people themselves. This history, combined with the physical and cultural geography of the region, create a unique atmosphere of struggle, pride, and the search for justice.
Central and South America
• Overview: Central and South America...Geography is the study of the world and its contents. Geographers look at the world through five lenses or themes: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement and region. The most basic of these is location, where something is. Place describes what an area is like in terms of its physical and human or cultural characteristics. Human-environment interaction describes exactly that—the effect that people and the environment have upon one another. Movement is the transfer of people, goods, and ideas from one area to another. Finally, the theme of region describes what areas have in common, or what links them to each other.
• Mexico...Mexico, the country directly south of the United States, is a nation with a very rich heritage and culture all of its own. As of 2004, approximately 105 million people call Mexico their home, with about 13 million living in the capital—Mexico City. Sixty percent of those people are mestizo—or a mix of Spanish and Indian (or native) heritage, while 30% are of Indian descent. The predominant religion in Mexico is Roman Catholicism with 89% of the population claiming it as their faith. The majority of people in the nation speak Spanish, although many Indian languages are spoken as well, mostly in rural areas. Mexico is a nation that in terms of land area is approximately three times the size of Texas as it is about 761,600 square miles. This area is divided into 31 states and a federal district containing the capital city. These are the background facts of Mexico. Using the five themes of geography (location, place, movement, human-environment interaction, and region) you will be learning about the people, traditions, physical geography, and issue that face Modern Mexico. What do you want to learn about the nation that shares a two-thousand mile border with the United States? What do you think would be helpful to learn to help understand the people of the country better?
• Central America and the Carribbean Islands...Central America and the Caribbean are very diverse in terms of both culture and physical geography. As the area continues to move ahead in the twenty-first century, it faces many issues, such as providing opportunities for sustainable development, the ability to modernize areas without complete destruction of the natural environment. This is particularly true in countries such as Costa Rica, where the economy depends greatly on eco-tourism, or tourists coming to see the natural wonders and beauty of the area. Several nations in this region also are still struggling with conflict between groups within their borders, extreme poverty, and corrupt or dishonest governments. The large number of individual countries in and diversity of culture and geography of this region makes it a fascinating part of the world to study.
• Caribbean South America...French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia make up the region known as Caribbean South America. As you have learned, the region’s diverse colonial pasts still show in the people that live in these areas today. These nations have vast amounts of natural resources and tremendous beauty. Lifestyles range from bustling cities and space centers to small villages where growing crops such as coffee have been a way of life for generations. Despite the abundance of beauty and natural resources, Caribbean South America also faces many challenges in the twenty-first century. Deforestation, pollution, urban poverty, conflict within the region, and illegal drug trafficking are all issues that are prevalent in this area today.
• Atlantic South America...Despite having strong cultural ties, the countries of Atlantic South America—Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay—have distinct identities of their own. Brazil, the largest country in the region in terms of both physical size and population, has a strong African influence upon its culture. In addition, Brazil is the only officially Portuguese-speaking nation in South America, although many in Uruguay speak this language as well. Argentina, with waves of immigration from different regions in Europe throughout its history, can have a definite European flavor to its cities. Paraguay has retained most of its indigenous culture, with the vast majority of its citizens of indigenous heritage.
• Pacific South America...The countries of Pacific South America—Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, are former Spanish colonies that had cultures and traditions long before the arrival of Europeans. Living in predominately Roman Catholic nations, the majority of the people in this region speak Spanish as well as indigenous or native languages such as Quechua. The region boasts many diverse physical features such as tropical rainforests, mountains, waterways, mineral resources, and a great variety of plant and animal life. Numerous rivers run into Lake Titicaca, which lies between Peru and Bolivia. Of Bolivia’s nearly nine million people, almost 85% claim either full or partial identity with an indigenous group. Bolivia exports products such as natural gas, soybeans, zinc, tin, and petroleum. Chile, with a population of over sixteen million as of July 2006, has an abundance of natural resources such as copper, timber, iron ore, and various metals. Chile also produces agricultural products such as grapes, apples, pears, beef, poultry, fish, and timber. Many of its citizens find work in industries such as copper mining or food and fish processing. The oil-rich Ecuador has a population of over thirteen million people, 95% of whom identify themselves entirely or partially with an indigenous group. Ecuador exports goods such as oil, bananas, cut flowers, and shrimp to other nations. Peru is home to many glorious ruins from the age of the Incans. Of its twenty-eight million, over 80% of Peru’s population have some or total indigenous heritage. Peru exports goods such as copper, gold, zinc, oil, and coffee. In this lesson, you will be learning more about the diverse cultures and features of these four nations in South America near the Pacific Ocean.
Europe
• Overview: Europe...Europe, the second smallest continent, is actually not a continent at all, but part of a larger landmass called Eurasia that contains both Europe and mainland Asia. The boundary between Europe and Asia is the Ural Mountains in western Russia. The giant peninsula of Europe contains many smaller peninsulas with plentiful arable land. The mild climate in most of Europe, with cool winters and warm summers, provides ideal farming. The Northern European Plain, spreading across countries like Germany, The Netherlands, and Poland, creates the “breadbasket” of Europe because of its rich soil for growing grains. Many European countries are now part of an important economic group called the European Union, officially founded in 1993. The European Union’s goal is to create a common market to strengthen the economies of its twenty-five member countries. Despite ideal climates, arable land and the ever-strengthening European Union, the population of Europe is declining. Currently, approximately 728 million people live in Europe. Because of the decreasing birth rate, sources project that Europe’s population will shrink to only 658 million people by 2050.
• Northern Europe...Northern Europe includes the British Isles, Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Ireland, in addition to the Nordic countries of Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. As we explore Northern Europe, we will focus on the two primary regions of the British Isles and Scandinavia. The mild wet British Isles include the countries of Scotland, England, Wales, and Ireland. Cold and sparsely populated outside of major cities, Scandinavia is the region including Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark. Northern Europe is a region of physical uniqueness and tremendous historical value. Travelers from all over the world come to Norway to sail through the legendary fjords. The British Isles were home to human settlements as early as 3100 B.C. Whether sleeping in an ice hotel in Sweden or in a country inn in the Welsh countryside, Northern Europe is an intriguing and exciting destination for geographers.
• West Central Europe...West Central European countries are each unique. From Germany’s Oktoberfest to Belgium’s Mannekin Pis, these counties each have their own languages, customs, and cultures. Yet despite their differences, they share similar style governments and economies. Additionally, since the headquarters of the European Union, NATO, as well as countless banks and corporations are located in West Central Europe, this geographic area wields most of the political and economic power in Europe. With this power comes responsibility as each are attempting to find solutions to the challenges of global warming and the pollution of environment. Another major challenge for the future of West Central Europe is the European Union. The EU is changing how West Central Europe and the rest of the continent are interacting with each other. The use of a common currency and other commonalities are challenging the cultural identity of Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Because of this, Switzerland and Liechtenstein continue to be hesitant to in joining the EU. The EU has erased European economic borders and perhaps the disappearance of the country’s borders is in Europe’s future. Only time will tell. However, one thing is certain; the geographic study of a region will never be stagnant.
• Southern Europe...To appreciate Southern Europe requires appreciating the spirit of the Mediterranean. It is at once a Sea that carried forth Portuguese explorers who in turn carried treasures worth collecting. It is the transport that brought Roman conquers to Greece, Spain, and Portugal so that each country shares a cultural and a historic past. The Mediterranean is the water that rises and threatens Venice, and isolates the residents of the many Portuguese, Spanish, Greek, and Italian islands. It is a region of unparalleled beauty and uncertain risk. It is both what Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece have in common and how they are able to maintain their own individual cultures. Southern Europe is a region where history and geography intertwine.
• Eastern Europe...Feelings of great joy throughout Eastern Europe and the world followed the collapse of communist governments throughout the early 1990s. Yet, the collapse brought forth challenges as countries like Czechoslovakia splintered into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Perhaps Yugoslavia faced the greatest challenge as its many republics, consisting of different ethnic groups, declared their independence, splitting Yugoslavia into the six different countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, and most recently, Montenegro. Since the collapse of Yugoslavia’s communist government, this area of the Balkans has experienced massive amounts of ethic violence. Much of the violence has been between the ethnic Albanians in the Serbian republic of Kosovo and the Serbs. The 1999 Kosovo War reduced the amount of violence between the two groups, but Kosovo is still part of Serbia and many predict that they will soon declare their independence. The Balkans is not the only area experiencing ethnic violence. The Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are experiencing new waves of violence between their native citizens and Russian immigrants. Almost twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe continues to struggle. While some countries like Estonia have carved out successful economies, other countries still struggle with high poverty and unemployment rates as well as sectional violence. Will Eastern Europe ever become as successful as their Western European counterparts are? Will peace ever prevail? While all these questions remain, one thing is certain, though: the people of Eastern Europe are still determining their fate.
• Italy...Italy’s almost sixty million inhabitants live in diverse areas across the peninsula. Some people live in large a metropolis like Rome, Milan, or Naples, while others live in Venice, where there is canals instead of streets. Still others live along the coastal plains next to several seas or on islands. Many more live amongst the mountain ranges that cover Italy. This mostly Catholic nation is more than just great food. Beautiful mountains, active volcanoes, and magnificent historical sites make it one of the most sought after tourist destinations in the world. Additionally, its ties to the Old World artisan traditions and the Slow Food Movement help to keep its past alive.
Russia and Northern Eurasia
• Overview: Russia and Northern Eurasia...The people of Russia and Central Asia belong to one of the largest regions in the world, with many different country borders and boundaries and many cultural differences. While there is a very rich history and culture in Russia's urban centers, Central Asia has a very different kind of tradition of culture and history that gives a very different perspective about how people live and work each day.
• Russia...In all countries, the past colors the present. In the case of Russia, its immediate past has seen many upheavals and revolutions. The transitions from imperial monarchy to communist superpower to fledgling democracy have all left their mark on the state that exists today. For example, imperialism gave people a national symbol behind which to rally. That legacy has carried through to modern times in the people’s devotion to their various leaders. Communism gave people a sense of security; that the government would provide for all its citizens. Things like jobs and education were sure things under communism. Democracy provides personal freedoms that did not exist under communism. People are free for the first time to criticize their leaders. After decades of repression, however, it may be a while before Russia can fully develop its democracy.
East and Southeast Asia
• Overview: East and Southeast Asia...The region known as East and Southeast Asia is home to over two billion people, which is one third of the world's population. China, the world's most populous country at 1.3 billion people, is in East Asia. Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country at 223 million people, is in Southeast Asia. The region of East and Southeast Asia is full of rich cultural traditions, as well as modern characteristics. The majority of the region lives in rural areas, practicing traditional economic activities such as subsistence farming and nomadic herding. At the same time, East and Southeast Asia contain some of the world's most populous cities that are bustling centers of technological innovation. Cities like Shanghai, China; Seoul, South Korea; Beijing, China; and Tokyo, Japan have become known around the world for their modern industries.
• China, Taiwan, and Mongolia...China, Mongolia and Taiwan are countries with rich histories, diverse cultures, and dramatic environments. In China, you find the world’s oldest culture, the world’s highest mountain, and one of the world’s largest deserts. The physical extremes of its geography isolated China from the rest of the world for centuries. Mongolia was once one of the largest empires in the world under the leadership of the Khans. Its challenging environment makes it now the least populated country in the world. Taiwan balances its mountainous central region with a rich coast circling the entire island.
Russia and Northern Eurasia
• Ukraine, Belarus, and the Caucasus...The end of the Soviet era heralded a new world order as well as new challenges for the 15 independent countries created out of the old Soviet Union. The countries of the Caucasus region were additionally challenged by fragmentation from within. Autonomous regions such as Ossetia, Ingushetia, and Chechnya demanded recognition as sovereign entities. But independence, it seemed, was not in the cards for everyone. Meanwhile, Belarus and Ukraine found themselves dealing with economic as well as political hurdles as they tried to solidify their positions in the world. Although all five countries have established their independence, the degree to which they will implement democratic reform remains to be seen.
East and Southeast Asia
• Japan and Korea...Japan, North Korea, and South Korea are mountainous countries resulting in the majority of people settling on the coastal regions. While Japan has become a world economic leader, North Koreans rely on outside assistance from other countries to feed its people. In all three countries, cultural traditions remain an important part of their life as we see in reverence to elders and ancient rites like the tea ceremony. Mountains, beautiful coastlines, and ancient traditions bind these three diverse countries.
• Mainland Southeast Asia...Southeast Asia struggles with many issues related to human rights that tie into its chaotic history. Ethnic minorities are not always treated well in some countries (such as Laos and Myanmar), while poverty and economic stagnation affect whole populations in other countries (like Vietnam and Cambodia). The fact that refugees from most of its neighbors have settled in Thailand indicates that Thailand may be one of the most stable and developed countries of the region. However, the Thai government’s treatment of these refugees has not always been first-rate. In large part, much of the human rights abuses can be traced back to these countries’ violent pasts: the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia; the tatmadaw in Myanmar; and struggles between communist and democratic forces in Vietnam and Laos. History does indeed color the present and the future of the countries of this region.
Russia and Northern Eurasia
• Central Asia...Central Asia is comprised of the five former Soviet Republics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. They shared a common history at the heart of the Silk Road, when cultural exchange was part of daily life, and under communism, which brutally repressed ethnicity and individualism. Now that they are independent countries, each struggles to integrate democratic freedoms, such as freedom of expression and representative government into a society that has never experienced them. In addition, environmental issues have erupted in recent years that threaten the quality of life in this region.
East and Southeast Asia
• Island Southeast Asia...The countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste form the geographical region of island Southeast Asia, spanning a vast territory. This physical geography unites the region—water, volcanoes, and tropical forests. However, despite this important commonality, much differs between each country. Religion, often an important aspect of a country, varies from Thailand’s peaceful Buddhist majority to the warring Islamic separatists in Indonesia. These conflicts are not just regional, but also are involved in influencing world politics. The region hosts countries with a long history and Timor-Leste, one of our world’s youngest countries. Of course, there is no correlation between age and stability; strife abounds in the region. Then again, the natural beauty and political significance of these countries is unequivocal. Island Southeast Asia is an important contradiction.
North America
• Overview: North America...North America is the third largest continent in the world at 9.3 million square miles. Canada and the United States cover most of the land. Canada, 3.8 million square miles, and the United States, 3.7 million square miles, have similar size by land area, but the populations of the two countries are very different. The population of the United States, at 293 million, is more than nine times that of Canada, at just 32 million. The United States has the third largest population in the world. At the northernmost part of North America, a group of islands extends into the Arctic Circle. In the southern part of the region lies the Tropic of Cancer. Because the region ranges from the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer, the region has a wide variety of climates. The far north has tundra and subarctic climates; while the southern areas of the continent have humid, subtropical, and both wet and dry tropical climates. The wide variety of climates impacts the way people live in this region, as does population density. The majority of people, 79%, live in urban areas. While some parts of the region have very dense populations, others are almost empty. In Toronto, Canada, the population density is 17, 449 people per square mile. By contrast, parts of northern Canada have a population density as low as one person per forty-three square miles.
• The Land of the United States ...The United States geography is about regionalism. It is a varied mix of different types of landforms, weather, demographics, industry, culture and people. The history encompasses the acquisition of the different states over several hundred years. During this time, the United States grew and evolved vastly with the times. Maps reflect these changes and are a way to document the history of geographic changes and look reflectively at history.
• The National Geopolitical Picture of the United States...Geopolitics is the intersection of politics, geography, and the economy. The 2008 financial crisis cut a huge swath across America, affecting people in all major industries. As major companies such as G.M. and Chrysler faltered, they created a downward spiral of decreased spending and credit and increased unemployment. Consumer confidence affects not only monthly budgets but ballot boxes, as well, since consumers are also voters. Regions with greater representation and louder voices levy greater political influence. For better or worse, the current geopolitical scene will alter the economic and political landscape for the future.
• The International Geopolitical Picture of the United States...The twenty-first century is a global one. New modes of technology and communication mean the world is increasingly interactive and intertwined. What happened in the housing market and banks in the United States impacted people in Greece and China. Their economies are linked to ours through investments, trade, and politics. When international business decisions increase unemployment and drive down wages, they incite political and social revolts in countries many miles away. Our culture seeps beyond our borders as Walt Disney and Coca Cola set up shop overseas, and Target recognizes the emerging middle classes in BRIC by creating clothing lines to sell there; clothes which later arrive in American stores. The global economy strikes home as outsourcing lowers manufacturing costs, making goods, such as computers, more affordable to middle class Americans, Indians, and Chinese. With that computer, your dad may search for a new job, a second career in a non-manufacturing sector. And, someone in Cairo will access the internet to read British news accounts of events in his country and then organize a revolution via Facebook.
• Canada...Water punctuates Canada’s geography. The Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans swaddle Canada’s shores. For centuries, they have nourished both the tributaries they feed and Canada’s indigenous peoples and settlers. The geography of the rivers determined who arrived, where they settled, and how they lived. This history continues to influence Canada’s culture and conflicts, and, in turn, will determine Canada’s future.
South Asia
• Overview: South Asia...The region of South Asia is a rich geographic region. Not only does it offer amazing physical features like the imposing mountains of the Himalayas that grow taller every year, but also because of its diverse cultural heritage, deep religious roots, and India's current economic boom. All of this makes South Asia an area full of constant wonder and exploration.
• India...India has experienced an astounding amount of growth in its relatively short independent history. In less than one hundred years, it has gone from an underdeveloped British colony to the world’s largest democracy, tapping into its vast human resources in new ways. For example, outsourcing has become a major sector of employment, utilizing India’s highly educated population as well as its lower wage structure. While many people have benefited from this symbiotic relationship with other countries, a large portion of India’s population still lives in poverty. The country must resolve the internal tensions that this dichotomy has created before it can move forward. In addition, international conflicts with Pakistan plague the region’s history. Physically, India struggles with seasonal monsoons. While these monsoons are necessary for cultivation of many of India’s crops, they also have the potential to destroy whole villages. Predicting these seasonal storms has become a major focus of the country’s scientists.
• Bordering India...Two words aptly describe the region around India: chaotic and spiritual. During the climax of the Maoist rebellion, when upwards of 1,000 people died in a single month, Nepal was the most dangerous country on Earth. When Kashmiri tensions between India and Pakistan escalated, some experts consider their conflict the most dangerous on the planet. Joe Rubin informed us that before the Tamil Tigers and Sri Lankan government reached a cease-fire, the Tamil Tigers “carried out more suicide bombings than Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and Al Qaeda combined.” Approximately 64,000 people died in their war. Surely this qualified it as one of the most chaotic and dangerous places in the world. Yet, despite the chaos, the violence, and resulting despair, these are countries steeped in spirituality. Pakistan’s and Bangladesh’s very existence is linked to the Muslim faith and its followers desire to have a homeland. Nepal is home to Hindu temples dating back to the 12th century. Sri Lanka is sacred to people of several faiths, home to the most holy of Buddhist stupas and considered by some Christians to be the original site of the Garden of Eden. There is much to be wary of in these countries. There is also much to admire.
Southwest Asia: The Middle East
• Overview: The Middle East...South West Asia is a land of many contradictions: dry deserts and temperate coastal areas, ancient civilizations and modern technology, oil-rich countries and poverty stricken states. It is also the source of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All of these contrasts have contributed to modern-day conflicts in the area. In order to understand the South West Asia of today, we must look at its physical geography, its history, and its multiple cultural centers today.
• The Eastern Mediterranean...Citizenship is a privilege granted to people in each state in the world. As a whole, citizens of a state tend to hold certain values in common, such as liberty, artistry, or economics. Values can be material, such as wealth, or non-material, such as religious freedom. The values of a citizenry are based mainly on the cultural identity of the people. The people of the eastern Mediterranean have widely different cultural identities. This area consists of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. While Arabs are the dominant cultural group in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Palestinian territories, Jews are the majority group in Israel, and Turks are the majority in Turkey. These countries have religious and linguistic differences as well. Citizens of each of these countries or territories therefore have differing values that influence their view of the world and contributing to the conflicts in this area.
• The Middle Region...Iraq and Kuwait are part of South West Asia. As in most of the region, there is a history of conflict between these states and some of their neighbors. While Kuwait leads a relatively stable and affluent existence, Iraq continues to struggle with poverty, instability, and a lack of development. The reasons for the differences in these two states' current situations are attributable in part to their overlapping histories.
• The Southern Region...The Southern Region of South West Asia consists of the countries of the Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These countries rely heavily on oil and natural gas revenues. In all countries, institutions such as government, education, and religion play a part, but the nature of these institutions can be very different depending on the culture and history of the state. In this region, you will explore a variety of basic institutions and their application.
• The Eastern Region...The Eastern region of South West Asia is comprised of the countries of Iran and Afghanistan. The two countries share a lot of physical and cultural features, and have developed very differently. Despite the differences in their levels of development and modernization, the two countries are both examples of theocracies, or countries that are or were run by religious groups.
The Pacific and Antarctica
• Overview: The Pacific and Antarctica...Imagine being one of a population of thirty two million people spread over an area of eight million square kilometers. Compare that to the continent of North America, which is approximately twenty four million square kilometers, with a population of five hundred million people! The southern part of the Pacific Ocean contains the large country of Australia, which is also a continent. Modern geographers also include New Zealand and many islands in the South Pacific Ocean, stretching all the way to South America in this region and give it the name of Oceania. Oceania is host to some of the most beautiful places in the world, both on land and under the water. The world’s highest mountains are in this area of the globe; however, it is difficult to tell that because the majority of the mountains are under the sea and they are so immense that they rise above the land. Many tourists come to this part of the world to see amazing sights that are unique only to this place, or just to relax on gorgeous beaches that feature clear ocean water. As long as we are venturing this far south, we will also take a brief look at the bottom of the world: Antarctica. Imagine if you could plan a dream trip that would allow you to make several stops in this part of the world to view its wonders.
• Australia and New Zealand...Australia and New Zealand are among the most remote inhabited landmasses on Earth. Their isolation began millions of years ago when they split from the super continent Pangaea. Natural forces created on Australia and New Zealand beautiful, unique, and seemingly inhospitable environs: expansive reefs, teeming rainforests, vast deserts, bone-chilling mountain ranges. The flora and fauna of Australia and New Zealand also evolved in isolation, resulting in numerous endemic species. This isolated home affected the human population as well; the Aborigines lived alone on Australia for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. There is much to discover about Australia and New Zealand beyond the kangaroo, koala, and kiwi. Come meet the native peoples and learn about their history. Come discover odd and awesome creatures. Come explore lands of unimaginable beauty.
• Antarctica...When looking at a globe or a map of the whole planet, you probably notice the white areas on the top and the bottom of the sphere. These are known as the poles, or polar ice caps. The way they are drawn might cause us to imagine flat, white expanses of nothing but snow and ice; however nothing could be further from the truth. Today’s adventure will focus on the South Pole and the area around it: the continent of Antarctica. There are mountainous areas that include volcanoes, and one is active. Groups of scientists have actual buildings to live and work in near the Antarctic coasts. The animals that inhabit this continent will often allow humans to get very close to them because they see them so rarely. Antarctica is completely dark for six months of the year and light for six months of the year. It is a fascinating, beautiful, and remote place. Antarctica does not have a regular human population, but many different kinds of people go and stay there for months at a time for many different purposes. As humans improve technology, its remoteness will lessen, and we will be forced to consider whether or not this is a good thing. Think about what you would say if someone offered you the opportunity to go to Antarctica.
• The Pacific Islands...Imagine drawing a giant triangle on a world map from west of the South American Country of Chile, north to Hawaii and southwest, toward Australia and New Zealand. Included in your triangle would be thousands of dots of various sizes, some closer together than others. This region of the world is known as the Pacific Islands. The people that inhabit these islands have different cultures and customs that have developed from being isolated by large expanses of the ocean. Many of these islands formed from volcanoes that erupted in the sea and slowly build up to form landmasses. Other islands formed from coral reefs. Several of the islands were sites of WWII battles and one group of islands had its natives relocated so that the United States could perform nuclear weapons tests. They are not only some of the most beautiful places in the world, including beautiful beaches and clear blue ocean waters opportunities for diving; they also have friendly people that invite you to experience culture that you may find quite different from your own.
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